Seasonal migration routes, ocean temperature, and feeding grounds
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Many whale species undertake annual migrations of 10,000-20,000 km — the longest of any mammal. Gray whales travel from cold Arctic feeding grounds (rich in krill) to warm tropical breeding grounds. Migration is driven by water temperature, food availability, and reproductive needs. Whales follow coastlines and ocean currents. Calves are born in warm waters where survival rates are higher.